一、名词的数
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns):
专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如 Beijing ,China 等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness 等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
- 个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
- 集体名词( Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
- 物质名词(Material Nouns) :表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
- 抽象名词(Abstract Nouns ):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns) 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以 y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加 s 变复数:
如:two Marys;the Henrys ;monkey—monkeys;holiday—holidays 比较: 层楼:storey —storeys;故事:story—stories
2) 以 o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
- 加 s,
如: photo—photos;piano—pianos;radio—radios;zoo—zoos;
b. 加 es,
如:potato—potatoes;tomato—tomatoes
c. 均可,
如:zero—zeros / zeroes
3) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
- 加 s,
如: belief—beliefs;roof—roofs safe—safes;gulf—gulfs;
b. 去 f, fe 加 ves,
如:half—halves; knife—knives;leaf—leaves;wolf—wolves; wife—wives; life—lives;thief—thieves;
c. 均可,
如:handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
名词复数的不规则变化
1 ) child—children ; foot—feet ; tooth—teeth ; mouse—mice ; man—men ;
woman—women
注意:与 man 和 woman 构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但 German 不是合成词,故复数形式为
Germans;Bowman 是姓,其复数是 the Bowmans。
2)单复同形如: deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese, yuan,但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如 : a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实际为复数。
如:people;police;cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person, a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British, the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时, 作复数用。
如: The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4)以 s 结尾,仍为单数的名词,
- maths,politics,physics 等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
- news 是不可数名词。
- the United States ,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945.
联合国是 1945 年组建起来的。
- 以 复 数 形 式 出 现 的 书 名 , 剧 名 , 报 纸 , 杂 志 名 , 也 可 视 为 单 数 。
“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book.
一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,
如:glasses (眼镜)trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对, 双 );suit( 套 ); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,
如 : goods 货 物 , waters 水 域 , fishes ( 各 种 ) 鱼
注意:(很重要)
- man, woman, gentleman 等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如:men workers;women teachers; gentlemen officials
- 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如:two-dozen eggs 两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)
a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树
a five-year plan.一个五年计划
- 不同国家的人的单复数
中国人 the Chinese; a Chinese; two Chinese
澳大利亚人 the Australians; an Australian ;two Australians
日本人 the Japanese; a Japanese; two Japanese
美国人 the Americans; an American; two Americans
印度人 the Indians; an Indian; two Indians
德国人 the Germans; a Germans; two Germans
英 国 人 the English; an Englishman; two Englishmen
二、 名词的格
1. 表示有生命的+’s
Mary’s mother 玛丽的妈妈; my brother’s car 我弟弟的车。
the students’° book 学生用书; the teachers’° office 老师的办公室
- 表示无生命或低等动物+of the door of the room 房间的门the cover of the book 书的封面
2. 表示时间、距离、重量、集体、世界、地点、价值等无生命的名词,也可用’s 构成所有关系。
today’s newspaper 今天的报纸; twenty minutes’° walk 二十分钟的路程; one pound’s weight 1 磅的重量;
三、名词的主谓一致性
- all 指人时,动词用复数;all 指物时,动词用单数.
例如: “All are present and all is going well.” 所有人全部到场了,一切进展顺利。
- and 连接的两个单数名词前若用 each ,every ,no 修饰,该名词短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式。
例如: No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.书包里没有书和钢笔.
- 就远原则,很重要。当主语后面有
as well as ,with ,along with ,together with ,but ,like ,rather than ,except,逗号加 and 连接几个名词等引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致.
例如:My father as well as his workmates has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京.
- 就近原则,很重要。“there be+句型; or ; either or;nor; neither…nor; whether…or;not…but; not only…but also
Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。
There is a book and some pencils on the desk.
- 以-ics 结尾的学科名词,如 politics ,physics ,mathematics 等作主语时,谓语动词用单数.以-s 结尾的名词 news ,works ,plastics 等同属此类.
例如: Politics is now taught in all schools. 现在各学校都开设政治课.
名词章节专项练习
- They got much from those new books.
- ideas B. photos C. news D. stories
- Every evening M r. King takes a to his home .
- 25 minutes’° walk B. 25 minute’s walk
C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk
- He is a successful leader but he hasn’t in teaching.
A. many experiences B. much experience
C. an experience D. a lot experience
- A classmate of was here ten minutes ago.
A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sister’s
- A group of are talking with two .
A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans
C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen
- The team having a meeting .
A. is B. are C. am D. be
- There are 34 doctors in the hospital.
A. woman B. women C. woman’s D. women’s
- I’m going to call at this evening.
A. Mr Black B. the Blacks C. the Black’s D. Blacks’
- Not only he but also we right. He as well as we right.
- are; are B. are; is C. is; is D. is; are 10.
Each man and each woman asked to help when the fire broke out.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
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